![]() įlaxseed ( Linum usitatissimium) is one of the richest sources of essential unsaturated fatty acid α-linolenic acid (55%) and lignans, well known as phytoestrogens and antioxidants. Furthermore, vitamin E could alter the level of adrenal androgens and gonadotropins. Vitamin E has antioxidant effects and decreases the production of prostaglandins by inhibiting the release of arachidonic acid. Since it has fewer side effects compared to hormonal therapy, vitamin E has been usually used as a safe treatment for cyclic mastalgia. Vitamin E is one of the most common supplements for breast fibrocystic mastalgia. Pharmacological interventions involve hormonal (oral contraceptives, progestins, bromocriptine, danazol, and tamoxifen) and nonhormonal therapies (herbal supplements). Furthermore, lifestyle modifications may relieve symptoms, such as limiting fat intake, consuming more daily fiber and avoiding caffeinated beverages (methylxanthines). Nonpharmacological recommendations are the first-line which include education, relaxation training, and wearing a bra. ![]() The treatment options for breast fibrocystic changes are classified into nonpharmacological and pharmacological modalities. The purpose of medical interventions is relieving mastalgia, cessation of its progression, and finally reversing the changes. The exact reason for breast fibrocystic is unknown, however an imbalance in reproductive hormones may contribute to breast fibrocystic, such as an increase in the level of estrogen, progesterone deficiency, and hyperprolactinemia, thyroid hormones, stress, methylxanthines, and deficiency of unsaturated fatty acids. Those women experiencing pain receive mammography 4–7 times more often than women without symptoms. In 25–30% of patients, the breast pain lasts more than 5 days in a cycle. The prevalence of breast pain is different between societies, but approximately 41–69% of women suffer from cyclic mastalgia. ![]() Other symptoms such as nipple discharge and changes in the appearance of the nipple may also occur. This pain is more severe before menstruation and ends up after menopause. The breast pain is usually bilateral and lasts more than 5 days in a menstrual cycle. ![]() However, some women experience continuous pain. Cyclic mastalgia may occur with breast fibrocystic. Non-proliferative changes might be sclerosing adenosis and intraductal papillomatosis which both increase the risk of breast cancer. Furthermore, it could be adenosis which means an increase in the size or number of cysts, or apocrine metaplasia and fibrosis. The proliferative changes include breast nodularity (presence of macro and micro cysts) which could be localized or diffused. The breast fibrocystic involves both nonproliferative and proliferative changes occurred concurrently or separately. įibrocystic breast change is a common and benign condition which are experienced by 13.5–42% of women usually of reproductive ages. Larger scale prospective studies are needed to evaluate these effects in the long-term. But there are no significant differences between these two agents. This study showed that flaxseed oil and vitamin E both could be effective in breast pain-relieving and decreasing nodularity with minimal side effects in contrast with the baseline. The breast nodularity also decreased during the first and second months of intervention, yet no significant difference between the two groups was found ( p= 0.9). Furthermore, the breast pain during four phases of the menstrual cycle showed no difference between vitamin E and flaxseed oil groups (menstruation phase= 0.76, follicular phase= 0.48, the first week of luteal phase= 0.86, the second week of luteal phase=0.30). However, the mean breast pain was not significantly different between the two groups at the end of the first and second month (P1= 0.54, P2= 0.73). The breast pain improved in both groups during the first and second months of intervention ( P-value within group< 0.001). ResultsĪt baseline, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in characteristics. The nodularity was assessed by Lucknow-Cardiff scale at baseline, then the first and second months of intervention. The duration and severity of breast pain were evaluated by Cardiff chart and VAS (Visual Analogue Scale). The intervention group received Flaxseed oil pearls and the control group received vitamin E pearl 200 IU twice a day for 2 months. This study was conducted on 100 women with mastalgia. In this randomized double-blind clinical trial, the effect of flaxseed oil on the severity of pain and breast nodularity was investigated against vitamin E. In the long-term, reversing the fibrocystic changes is also desirable. The medical intervention aims to stop fibrocystic disease progress and relieve the breast’s pain and tenderness. Fibrocystic changes are a common benign condition in women aged 20–50.
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